In the 1700s, a wig was more than just a fashion accessory in France—it was a status symbol, a statement of power, and an essential element of everyday attire for the aristocracy. The elaborate wigs worn during this period not only showcased the wearer’s social rank but also played a pivotal role in the cultural and political landscape of France. This article delves into the world of French wigs in the 1700s, exploring their significance, styles, and the craftsmanship behind these iconic hairpieces.

The Role of Wigs in 1700s France

During the 1700s, wigs became synonymous with sophistication and social standing in French society. Initially worn for practical reasons like combating hair loss and warding off head lice, wigs quickly ascended as a staple of fashion among the French elite. By the mid-century, the size and style of one’s wig became a clear indicator of one’s wealth and influence, particularly within the court of Louis XIV and Louis XV, where the most extravagant styles often denoted proximity to royal power.

Evolution of Wig Styles Throughout the Century

The styles of wigs evolved significantly from the early to the late 1700s. Early in the century, simpler, more natural wig styles dominated, but as the decades passed, they became increasingly elaborate. The “peruke” or “powdered wig” became iconic, characterized by its white color, voluminous curls, and often intricate designs incorporating ribbons and other decorations. This evolution mirrored the changing tastes and the increasing opulence of the French court, reflecting broader social changes and the eventual lead-up to the French Revolution.

Types of French Wigs in the 1700s

Major Styles and Designs

Several key styles marked the era:

• The Fontange: Named after the mistress of Louis XIV who popularized it, this style featured multiple high-piled curls and was often accessorized with fabric and jewels.
• The Queue: Characterized by a single, low-hanging tail at the back, offering a more understated elegance suitable for the less flamboyant aristocrat.
• The Peruke: This became the most recognized style with its rows of tight curls covering the ears and dropping towards the shoulders, a symbol of true baroque excess.

Materials and Construction

Wigs were primarily made from human hair, but horse and goat hair were also used for less expensive options. The construction of a wig in the 1700s was a painstaking process, with hair carefully sewn onto a fabric cap. Wigmakers became highly respected artisans, with their skills often passed down through generations. The hair was often treated with white powder made from starch or other materials to achieve the fashionable pale look that became synonymous with the period.

Symbolism and Significance

Wigs as Status Symbols

Wigs were not merely for personal adornment but were laden with symbolic meaning. A voluminous, well-maintained wig signified wealth and social status, as only the affluent could afford the most extravagant styles and the regular maintenance they required. This connection between one’s appearance and social rank was so entrenched that, in some cases, the law regulated wig styles according to one’s social or professional status.

Wigs in Professional and Political Realms

Certain professions adopted specific wig styles as part of their official attire. Judges, barristers, and clergy often wore distinctively styled wigs that conveyed authority and respectability. In political circles, wigs conveyed a sense of state and decorum, often worn during important meetings and public appearances.

Daily and Special Occasion Care

Maintaining a wig in the 1700s was a daily ritual for many. It involved careful powdering, styling, and sometimes the application of scented pomades to improve the fragrance of the wig. Before special occasions, additional decorations such as feathers and ribbons might be incorporated to further signify the wearer’s status and wealth.

The Wigmakers and Their Craft

The wigmaker’s role was crucial in 1700s France. Master wigmakers often enjoyed a high social standing and were considered essential to the fashion industry of the time. Apprenticeships in wig-making were rigorous, requiring years of training under established masters, reflecting the artistry and skill involved in crafting these important symbols of status.

Impact on Fashion and Modern Perception

Influence on Contemporary Fashion

The extravagance of 1700s French wigs continues to inspire modern fashion designers, particularly in haute couture, where historical elements are often revisited for their dramatic impact. The theatricality of these wigs can be seen in modern runway shows and thematic collections that echo the opulence of the past.

Wigs in Historical Reenactment and Media

In films and theatrical productions, accurate reproductions of 1700s wigs help bring historical figures to life, offering audiences a glimpse into

the visual culture of the past. Historical reenactments also rely on these detailed reproductions to provide a more immersive experience.

The French wigs of the 1700s were more than just hairpieces; they were a complex interplay of fashion, society, and politics. Today, they remain a fascinating study in how beauty standards are influenced by cultural contexts and continue to affect our interpretation of history and style.